pictures of polystyrene bricks and blocks

Sieve Analysis test of polystyrene bricks

SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST

The standard grain size analysis test determines the relative proportions of different grain sizes as they are distributed among certain size ranges .The grain size analysis is widely used in classification of soil. The data obtained from grain size distribution curves is used in the design of filters for earth dams and to determine the suitability of soil for road construction, air field, etc…

PROCEDURE

Take the sieves and place them one below the other in order of their size such that the sieve with larger aperture at top. Place the receiver at the bottom. Take 1000g of fine aggregate from the air-dried sample in the pan. Continuously shake the set of sieves with the sample for a period of not less than 3 minutes. The separate the sieves and fine the weight of the aggregate retained in each sieve and note down.

 SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST FOR FINE AGGREGATE

IS SIEVE SIZE	WEIGHT RETAINED IN g	%WEIGHT RETAINED	CUMULATIVE % WEIGHT RETAINED	% OF PASSING
4.75	10	1.0	1	99
2.36	15	1.5	2.5	97.5
1.18	115	11.5	14	86
600µ	390	39.0	53	47
300µ	285	28.5	81.5	18.5
150µ	150	15.0	96.5	3.5
Pan	35	3.5	100	0

RESULT

          The results of the cumulative percentage of passing of fine aggregate through various IS sieve were compared with grading limit chart for fine aggregate. IS 383-1970 show that the soil taken for the present study comes under zone 3.         

METHODOLOGY

4.1 DETAILS

Dimension of the brick size=20x10x10cm

Material dimension:

Sand size                                =                     300µ(micron)

Polystyrene beads                    =                 6-7mm

Grade of concrete                     =                 M15

Concrete ratio                          =                  1:2:4

Percentage of the material :

Cement                                   =                     14.22% 

Sand                                        =                     28.54%

Polystyrene beads                       =              57.14%

MIXING PROPERTIES

Compressive strength test: 

Mechanical test measuring the maximum amount of compressive load a material can bear before fracturing. The test piece, usually in the form of a cube, prism, or cylinder, is compressed between the platens of a compression-testing machine by a gradually applied load.

Brittle materials such as rock, brick, cast iron, and concrete may exhibit great compressive strengths; but ultimately they fracture. The crushing strength of concrete, determined by breaking a cube, and often called the cube strength, reaches values of about 3 tons per square inch, that of granite 10 tons per square inch, and that of cast iron from 25 to 60 tons per square inch.

Some ductile metals, such as mild steel, have very great compressive strengths; but the actual values are difficult to measure. When a load is applied to a ductile metal, it deforms elastically up to a certain point, and then plastic deformation occurs. Increasing loads may even completely flatten a test piece without any definite fracture occurring, so that no value can be obtained for the compressive strength. The custom of quoting tensile-strength values in these cases is inaccurate but safe, compressive strength being always greater.                                  

Polystyrene, Physical Properties of River sand

Physical properties of riversand;

The sieve analysis  is graphically represented in fig 1.the curve of fig1a. gives the amount of sand by weight that is retained on a sieve of the lower mesh number1b. gives the weight of sand all passing through a corresponding sieve,  the terms of percentage fraction of the total weight.

The quantity of mica by weight is through quite small , its presence may give some elastic properties to the sand mass and influence compaction and shear –strength.

It is seen from the curves that the sand is medium and fine ; it mostly consists of particles of size about 0.26mm.The Allen hazen’s most representative size, commonly called the effective size D₁₀ is 0.23mm.the uniformly co-efficient c_u , which is the ratio of the maximum size of the smallest 60% to the effective size is 1.8. it is, there for ends, a fairly uniform sand. the grain size distribution curve each for the Daytona beach and port said beach sands is reproduced for comparison  fig2.the grain size distribution of jamna sand is almost similar to them both, but otherwise it consist of coarse particles.

The sand is grey –black in colour If gate at ordinarily in aggregate, but the various sieved fraction exhibits a change in colour . the coarse fractions show a darker shade then the finer fractions. on examining under a microscope it is found to consist of clear transparent and opalescent size white particles mixed with block, grey, yellow, brown and mauves particles mostly  opaque. The number of  uncolored  partials in finer fractions leads to the conclusion that the coloured material is stronger then the uncolored. the grains are all quite irregular in shape. the angle of repose for different fractions varies from 35⁰-37⁰

Compaction of the sand is obtained by means of a hammer of 6Ib. falling  through a vertical distance of one foot on sand placed in a cylindrical container which is made in two parts as usual; the upper part being detachable in the form of a ring from the lower actual container. The latter has a capacity of  1/ 120ft.

The diameter of the container was only slightly more than that of the hammer  to allow clearance for free movement.    The  hammer, therefore,  strikes  the whole surface of the sand each time thus giving more uniform compaction than is obtained by the conventional  design.    Each  stroke of the hammer  delivers  an  energy of6 foot pounds

No of sieve retaining the sand	Percentage of grains of various colours
	Clear transparent.	opalescent	Lightiy coioured;brownish	Dark coloured: grey, black
30	45	10	15	30
52	60	8	12	20
72	68	6	12	14
85	74	5	8	13

The curves in fig.3 represent the variation of bulk density of the different fractions of jamna sand against compaction. Almost maximum compaction is reached at 15 strokes  of the hammer.

More hammering does not appreciably increase the bulk density.    The maximum density  obtained is 92·5 lb./ft.3.    The actual solid density, as calculated from the specific gravity value of 2·7,  comes out to be  170 lb./ft.8 nearly.    The value of  92·5   lb./ft.3   seems  to be quite low and may partly be due to arching of sand grains in the container.   The maximum and minimum bulk density for the whole dry sand is 96 and 78 lb./ft.3   and corresponds to a porosity of 42%  to 54%  respectively.  J.  Kolbuzewski (1950) has shown that porosity varies from 36%  to  47%  for Leighton Buzzard sand under different con- ditions of deposition.

Polystyrene polarity of water level

Gas Phase (Water Vapor)

The gaseous phase of water is known as water vapor (or steam) and is characterized by a transparent cloud. Water also exists in a rare fourth state called supercritical fluid, which occurs only in extremely uninhabitable conditions. When water achieves a specific critical temperature and a specific critical pressure (647 K and 22.064 MPa), the liquid and gas phases merge into one homogeneous fluid phase that shares properties of both gas and liquid.

3.13 Phase Diagram of Water

Water freezes to form ice, ice thaws to form liquid water, and both water and ice can transform into the vapor state. Phase diagrams help describe how wate changes states depending on the pressure and temperature.

3.14 Phase diagram of water

The three phases of water – liquid, solid, and vapor – are shown in temperature-pressure space.

3.15 Note the following key points on a phase diagram:

1.       The critical point (CP), above which only supercritical fluids exist.

2.       The triple point (TP), a well-defined coordinate where the curves intersect, at which the three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) exist at equilibrium with each other.

3.       Well-defined boundaries between solid and liquid, solid and gas, and liquid and gas. During the phase transition between two phases (i.e, along these boundaries), the phases are in equilibrium with each other.

3.16 The Polarity of Water

The polar nature of water is a particularly important feature that contributes to the uniqueness of this substance. The water molecule forms an angle with an oxygen atom at the vertex and hydrogen atoms at the tips. Because oxygen has a higher electro negativity than hydrogen, the side of the molecule with the oxygen atom has a partial negative charge. An object with such a charge difference is called a dipole (meaning "two poles"). The oxygen end is partially negative, and the hydrogen end is partially positive; because of this, the direction of the dipole moment points from the oxygen toward the center position between the two hydrogens. This charge difference causes water molecules to be attracted to each other (the relatively positive areas are attracted to the relatively negative areas), as well as to other polar molecules. This attraction contributes to hydrogen bonding and explains many of water's properties (including its ability to act as a solvent to many substances).

3.17 Polarity of the water molecule

Owing to the electro negativity difference between hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, and the bent shape of the H₂O molecule, a net dipole moment exists. The figure indicates the partial charges that the atoms possess.

A water molecule can form a maximum of four hydrogen bonds by accepting two hydrogen atoms and donating two hydrogen atoms. Although hydrogen bonding is a relatively weak attraction compared to the covalent bonds within the water molecule itself (intermolecular bonds), it is responsible for a number of water's physical properties. One such property is its relatively high melting and boiling points; more energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds between molecules in order to change to a higher energy phase.

3.18 THE PROPERTIES OF RIVER SAND   

The sample of water were taken at random from the sand heaps collected by the contractors for constructional purpose, and may be regarded as fairly representative.